Wan Huey Chan, Wei Sheng Chong, Yoong Soon Yong, Jen Kit Tan, Eric Chong Tzyy Jiann, Rossita Shapawi, Nurzafirah Mazlan, Fikri Akmal Khodzori, and Muhammad Dawood Shah

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IN VITRO ANTIOXIDANT POTENTIAL OF MARINE SPONGE CLATHRIA REINWARDTI

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Abstract 

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Oxidative stress, caused by an imbalance between reactive oxygen species (ROS) and antioxidant defenses, poses a significant risk to human and animal health. Marine sponges are recognized as valuable sources of antioxidant compounds, however the antioxidant potential of Clathria reinwardti remains poorly explored. This study evaluated the in vitro antioxidant potential of the methanol extract of C. reinwardti from North Borneo waters. Antioxidant potential was assessed using the DPPH assay alongside total phenolic and flavonoid content determination, qualitative screening, and FTIR analysis. Compound profiling was performed using GC-MS and LC-Q-Orbitrap-MS. The extract exhibited DPPH- radicals scavenging activity with IC50 values of 4.283±0.204 mg/ml. despite relatively low phenolic (0.183 ± 0.004 mg GAE/g) and flavonoid (0.103 ± 0.015 mg CAE/g) contents. GC-MS revealed four antioxidants, namely nerolidol-2, heptadecane, palmitic acid, and 9-octadecenoic acid, while LC-Q-Orbitrap-MS analysis detected nine antioxidant compounds, including kynurenic acid, 6- gingerol, and polyunsaturated fatty acids. In conclusion, C. reinwardti methanol extract is a promising source of antioxidant compounds.

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